The Duty of Care in Pre-Contractual Negotiations

Document Type : Scientific Research

Authors

1 Assistant Professor of Private Law, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

2 Ph.D. Student in Law, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract

Pre-contractual negotiations, as the main platform for creating legal obligations, can involve risks for the parties and lead to non-conclusion of the contract, spending preliminary expenses by one party, or concluding a shaky and breached contract. The two parties must be careful about what they say or do in the pre-contractual period; Because according to them, an action may be taken by the other party and as a result, the other party to the contract will be harmed. The duty of care is a legal obligation that is justified in order to avoid the occurrence of such damage to the other party through the fault of one party. This duty can be justified as a condition or implicit agreement in entering the pre-contractual stage. Economically, it prevents market failure and expands trading confidence. There is disagreement about the nature of this task. According to the classical approach, it is closer to non-contractual liability. However, according to a new approach, entering into negotiations can be considered as an agreement or an implicit condition for observing the duty of care during negotiations and a kind of contractual liability. In case of violation of this duty, according to the situation of guarantees such as, obligation to return to negotiation, compensation, obligation to conclude a contract and termination or cancellation of the contract can be reviewed and analyzed. This duty remains unknown in Iranian law and Islamic jurisprudence. However, the duty of care can be determined based on the general rules of civil liability or the inference of an implicit contract based on the observance of the duty of care, as well as Article 35 of the Electronic Commerce Law and the guarantee of its implementation.

Keywords

References

ابن العلامه (بی­تا). ایضاح الفوائد. جلد 1. قم: اسماعیلیان. چاپ اول.
اخلاقی، بهروز؛ امام، فرهاد (1395). اصول قراردادهای تجاری بین­المللی 2010. تهران: شهر دانش. چاپ ششم.
امیری قائم­مقام، عبدالحمید (1385).  حقوق تعهدات. جلد اول. تهران: میزان. چاپ سوم.
بابایی، ایرج (1385). حقوق بیمه. تهران: سمت. چاپ اول.
بهرامی احمدی، حمید (1390). قواعد فقه (مختصر هفتاد و هفت قاعده فقهی حقوقی با تطبیق بر قوانین). جلد یکم. تهران: دانشگاه امام صادق. چاپ دوم.
پیرنهادی، محمدرضا؛ نوعی، الیاس (1394). «مسئولیت مدنی ناشی از بی احتیاطی در حقوق ایران و انگلستان». تحقیقات حقوقی آزاد، شماره 2، صص 81-125.
جباری، منصور؛ شعاریان، ابراهیم (1388). «مسئولیت مدنی پلیس در نقض وظیفه مراقبت». فصلنامه پژوهش­های دانش انتظامی، دوره 11، شماره 3، صص 238 -270.
رجایی، مهدی (1392). گزارش پژوهشی آشنایی با مفاهیم حقوق عمومی، بررسی مفهوم امر به معروف و نهی از منکر. مرکز تحقیقات شورای نگهبان.  
رهبری، ابراهیم (1388). حقوق اسرار تجاری. تهران: سمت. چاپ اول.
سبزه­ای، محمدتقی (1386). «جامعه مدنی به مثابه قرارداد اجتماعی، تحلیل مقایسه­ای اندیشه هابز، لاک و رسو». پژوهش­های حقوق عمومی، شماره 22، صص67-98.
شهیدی، مهدی (1382).  حقوق مدنی عقود معین. جلد 5. تهران: مجد. چاپ اول.
صالحی­راد، محمد (1378). «حسن نیت در اجرای قرارداد و آثار آن». مجله حقوقی دادگستری.
صفایی، سیدحسین؛  رحیمی، حبیب­الله (1389). الزامات خارج از قرارداد. تهران: سمت. چاپ اول.
طالب احمدی، حبیب (1392). مسئولیت پیش­قراردادی. تهران: انتشارات میزان. چاپ اول.
عباسی، اسماعیل (1386). «معنا و مفهوم حسن نیت در قراردادها». مجله تحقیقات حقوقی تطبیقی ایران و بین­الملل، شماره 2، صص71-98.
کاتوزیان، ناصر (1364). حقوق مدنی: قواعد عمومی قراردادها. جلد اول. تهران: انتشارات بهنشر. چاپ اول.
ـــــــــــــــــ (1374). حقوق مدنی الزام­های خارج از قرارداد. جلد اول. تهران: دانشگاه تهران. چاپ پنجم.
ـــــــــــــ (1386).  الزام­های خارج از قرارداد مسئولیت مدنی. (جلد اول) قواعد عمومی. تهران: گنج دانش. چاپ هشتم.
ـــــــــــــــــ (1386). مقدمه علم حقوق. تهران:  شرکت سهامی انتشار. چاپ پنجاه و هفتم.
ـــــــــــــــــ (1395). قواعد عمومی قراردادها(جلد اول). تهران: گنج دانش. چاپ سیزدهم.
محقق داماد، سید مصطفی (1371). «قاعده تحذیر: نقد هشدار در رفع مسئولیت». مجله حقوق دادگستری، شماره 18،
صص 24-7.
ـــــــــــــــــ (1374). قواعد فقه. جلد پنجم. تهران: وزارت فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی. چاپ دوم.
محمودی، عباسعلی (1383). انفاق کلید اقتصاد. تهران: انتشارات فیض کاشانی. چاپ اول
مقدادی، محمدمهدی (1391). «تأثیر هشدار در انتفای مسئولیت مدنی پزشکان». مجله حقوق پزشکی، شماره 9 و 10 صص 188-165.
Garner, Bryan; Black’s Law Dictionary (2004). United States of America:West Publishing Co. 8ndEd.
Baker, John Hamilton (1990). Introduction to English Legal History. UK, Butterworth, 3rd ed.
Bénabent, Alain (1995). Droit civil, Les obligation. Paris: Éditions Montchrestien, 5e éd.
Bennett, Howatd (2007). Law Of Marine Insurance. Asturalia & New zeland: Oxford University Press, 2ndEd.
Birks, P. (2000). English Private Law. Vol.II. UK: Oxford University Press. 2rd ed.
Buffelan-Lanore; Yvaine et Larribau-Terneyre, Virginie (2010). Droit Civil, les obligations. Paris, Dalloz. 12e éd.
C.F.Padfied (1995). Law Made Simple. Oxford. 1989. G.H. Trite l. Law of Contract. London: Sweet and Maxwell,  9Ed.
C.F.Padfied (1995). Law Made Simple. Oxford. 7th Edition 1989.G.H .Trite l, Law of Contract. London: Sweet and Maxwell,9thEdition.
Cartwright, John (2009). Hesselink, Martijn. Pre-contractual Liability in European Private Law. Cambridge University Press,1Ed.
Case Law (2000). Martel Building Ltd. v. R., supra2 S.C.R. 860 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/ item/1825/index.
Christian Witting (2005).  Duty of Care: An Analytical Approach. Oxford
University Press, 2ndEd.
Chunlin Leonhardaa (2010). "A Legal Chameleon: An Examination of The Doctrine of Good Faith in Chinese and American Contract Law". Connecticut Journal of International Law, 25 Conn. J. Int’l L. No 305, pp 1-25.
Cooke, John (2009). Law of Tort. Edinburgh, Pearson, Longman. 9thedn
Daniele Bryden (2011). "Duty of care and medical negligence". Vol. 11, Issue 4, pp.  124–127.
De Coninck, Bertrand (2002). Le droit commun de la rupture des négociations précontractuelles. in Le processus de formation du contrat. Paris: LGDJ, 4e éd.
Derek A.; Brindle, Q. C. (1971). "Procurement and the Duty of Good Faith". Journal of  Jenkins Marzban Logan LLPSuite 900, Nelson Square Box 12144, 808 Nelson Street Vancouver, BC V6Z 2H2 Canada, www.jml.ca.
Dictrich, Joachim (2001). "classifying Pre-contractual liability: A comparative Analysis". journal of legal studies, vol.21. pp. 153-191.
Fernando Atria, (2013).  "Social Rights, Social Contract, Socialism, Social Rights and the Market workshop held at the University of Glasgow". https://law.yale.edu/system/files/documents/pdf/SELA14_Atria_CV_Eng.pdf
Filipović, Mihaela Braut & Tomulić Vehovec, Marjeta (2012). "Precontractual Liability in EU and Croatian Law". Available at: www.harmonius.org/.../01%20Precontractual%20Liability%20In%20Eu%20and%20.
Fisher, James M. (1995). "Why Are Insurance Contract Subject to Specail Rule of Interpretation :Texr Versus Context". Arizona State Law  Journal, 24: pp. 995-1067
Fisher, James M. (1995). "Why Are Insurance Contract Subject to Specail Rule of Interpretation: Texr Versus Context". Arizona State Law  Journal, 24, pp. 995-1067.
Fisher, James M. (1995). "Why Are Insurance Contract Subject to Specail Rule of Interpretation :Texr Versus Context". Arizona State Law Journal, 24, pp. 995-1067.
Florence Caterini (2005). "Pre-contractual Obligations in France and the United States". University of Georgia School of Law, pp1-86.
Francis H. Bohlen (1908). "The Moral Duty to Aid Others as a Basis of Tort Liability". University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register, The University of Pennsylvania Law Review Vol. 56, No. 4, Vol. 47, New Series, pp. 217-244.
Friedrich Kessler (1964). "Culpa in Contrahendo, Bargaining in Good Faith, and Freedom of Contract: A Comparative Study". Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository, pp 401-449.
George Tsakalis (2015). "Negotiation Ethics: Proposals for Reform to the Law Society of Upper Canada's Rules of Professional Conduct". Western Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 5, Issue 4, pp.1-16.
Harpowood , V. (2003). Modern Tort Law. London: Careudish pub 6t h ed.
James, C. Plunkett (2015). "The Historical Foundations Of The Duty Of Care". Monash University Law Review (Vol 41, No 3), pp. 716-743.
Jonathan Morgan (2015). "Liability for Independent Contractors in Contract and Tort: Duties to Ensure That Care is Taken". Cambridge Law Journal and Contributors, 2015 Get access, Vol. 74, Issue 1, pp. 109-139.
Käerdi, Martin (2008). "The Development of the Concept of Pre-contractual Duties in Estonian Law". Juridica International, XIV.
Kirsiene, Julija & Leonova, Natalia (2009). "Qualification of Precontractual Liability and The Value of Lost Opportunity as a Form of Losses". Jurisprudencija, 1 (115).
Marc A. Rodwin, (1996). "Consumer Protection and Managed Care: Issuey". Reform Proposals, and Trade-Offs, 32 HOUS. L. REv. pp 1319.
Martin Käerdi (2008). "The Development of the Concept of Pre-contractual Duties in Estonian Law". JURIDICA INTERNATIONAL XIV, pp. 209-218.
Mazeauds, Henri; Léon et Jean et Chabas, François (1985). leçons de Droit civil. T. 2 , V. l, 7e éd., Paris: Éditions Montchrestien.
Michonski, Dominik (2015). "Contractual or Delictual? On the Character of Precontractual Liability in Selected European Legal Systems". Comparative Law Review, 20.
Ori J. Herstein (2010). "Responsibility in Negligence: Why the Duty of Care is not a Duty “To Try”". Cornell Law Faculty Publications, pp. 403-428.
Park, Atthur J. (2012). "What to Reasonably Expect in The Coming Years From The Reasonable Expections of The Insured Doctrine".  Willamerre Law Review, 49, pp. 165-188.
 Paula Giliker (2003). "A Role For Tort In Pre-Contractual Negotiations? An Examination Of English, French And Canadian Law". International and Comparative Law Quarterly, pp. 969-993.
Paula Giliker (2003). "A Role For Tort In Pre-Contractual Negotiations? An Examination Of English, French, And Canadian Law". International and Comparative Law Quarterly, pp. 969-993,
Richard Stevens (2017). "The Legal Nature of the Duty of Care and Skill: Contract or Delict?". Pioneer in peer-reviewed, open access online law publications, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, Vol. 20, 3, pp. 969 – 993.
Robert W. Emerson (1994). "Franchise Contract Clauses and the Franchisor's Duty of Care toward Its Franchisees". NORTH Carolina Law Review, Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 906-973.
Rosenhek, Steven F. and Brad Freelan (2015). "The Torts of Good FaithBargaining, Inducing Breach of Contract and IntentionalInterference with Economic Interests". Fasken Martineau. http://www.fasken.com/en/torts-of-duty-of-good-faithbargaining.
Stephenson, Graham (2000). Sourcebook on Tort. London: Cavendish, 2ndedn.
Summers, Robert S.; Hillman, Robert A. (2001). Contract and Related Obligation: Theory, Doctrine, and Practice. West Group. 4th edition.
Terré François; Simler Philippe, Et Lequette, Yves (1996). Droit Civil. Les obligations. Paris: Dalloz, 6e éd.
 Von Bar, Christian & Drobnig, Ulrich (2004). The Interaction of contract law and Tort and Property Law in Europe (Acomparative Study). 1stedn. Munchen, Sellier (European Law Publishers).
William Norris (1997). PERSONAL INJURY & THE DUTY OF CARE IN TORT JPIL.
Civil Law Knowledge
Volume 9, Issue 2 - Serial Number 18
February 2021
Pages 51-65

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics