The Freight Forwarders Liability under FIATA Regulations

Document Type : Scientific Research

Authors

Abstract

The Freight Forwarders are one of the institutions that are active in the field of transportation.
They are more active in the field of international commercial transportation, especially combined
or  multimodal  transportation.  To  show  the  About  the  importance  of  this  institution,  shall  tell
importance of this institution, one may say that in transportation process, using the services of these
institutions is essential. Despite the important role of the Freight Forwarders in the transportation
industry,  unfortunately,  puts  doubtsthere  is  ambiguity  about  the  nature  of  the  obligations  and
responsibilities that exist, so that the institution is paralleled considered as an equal to the ones in
charge of transportation with the same responsibilitiesin the carrier considered and responsibility
for the same Carrier been raised. Also about the bases of Freight Forwarder>s liability, iIn different
legal systems various and sometimes vague approaches have been adopted various and sometimes
vague  approachesabout  the  bases  of  Freight  Forwarder>s  liability.  This  can  be  caused  by  a  lack
of international conventions, weak legislation and silence of regulations relating to the transport.
This study is trying to examininge The bases of Freight Forwarder>s contractual liability on the
two different approaches (Presumed-fault and Strict liability), and in different regulations, including
regulations of FIATA , and secondarily on the Llaw of different countries like Iran, England, France,
Belgium, Italy and Spain are examined. Finally, it is significant that the «Presumed-fault» as the
minimum approach is acceptable, of course, exacerbate the bases of Freight Forwarder>s liability
with regard to the specialized nature of this institution, is tenable. theThe research in this paper is a
crossmethodology is descriptive and analytical.

Keywords


شهبازی، شهباز و همکاران (1377). نقش فورواردر در حمل و نقل بین المللی. چاپ دوم. تهران: انتشارات کمیتة ایرانی اتاق بازرگانی بین‌المللی.##گوهریان، محمدجواد (1390). «حقوق و تعهدات کارگزار حمل (فورواردر) در ایران و مقررات فیاتا». پایان‌نامة کارشناسی ارشد. دانشکدة آموزش‌های الکترونیکی. دانشگاه قم.##
Adams, S. (2013). Freight forwarders: agent vs. principal; articles & resources. Retrieved from: http://www.whitelawtwining.com/news-articles/articles-publications/transportation/trucking/13-04- 26/Freight_Forwarders_Agent_vs_Principal.aspx##Dugan, A. G. (2000). Limitation of liability of carriers by sea and by land. Philadelphia: Cozen and O’Connor.##Beamer-Downie, D. (1999). Freight forwarders’ liability during international multimodal transportation. Montreal: Institute of Air and Space Law McGill University.##Bradfield, G. (2009). Stuck in the middle: Freight forwarder – Forwarding agent or contracting carrier? Cape Town: Mandy Verena Rigtering RGTMAN001.##Cioarec, V. (2007). Proper completion of bills of lading involving transshipment. Retrieved from: forwarderlaw.com##D. Pengelley, P. (2007). The Q&A on freight forwarder: Who are they? What do they do? When are they liable? Retrieved from: www.cozen.com##Chiang Yung, F. (1973-1974). The characterization of a vessel as a common or private carrier. New Orleans: Tulane Law Review; 48 Tul. L. Rev. 299.##Giermanski, J., & Neipert, D. (2000). The re-regulation of freight forwarders in the USA and its impact on the USA-Mexico border. USA: International Trade Law Journal; 9 Currents Int’l Trade L.J. 11.##Glass, D. (2013). Freight forwarding and multimodal transport contracts (Maritime and Transport Law Library) (2nd Ed.). Routledge: Informa Law.##Grossman, S. (2009). Commentary on the covenant governing contracts for international freight forwarding services. Retrieved from: www.forwarderlaw.com##Hoeks, M. (2009). Multimodal transport law (The law applicable to the multimodal contract for the carriage of goods). Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.##Holloway, I. C. (1986). Troubled waters: the liability of a freight forwarder as a principal under Anglo-Canadian law. USA: Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce; Vol. 17, No. 2.##HM Revenue & Customs (2014). Notice 703 VAT: Export of goods from the United Kingdom. Retrieved from: 2014/06/17,From:https://customs.hmrc.gov.uk/channelsPortalWebApp/downloadFile?contentID=HMCE_CL_000130##Jones, P. (2001). FIATA legal handbook on forwarding. Portland:  Green Earth Books.##Kalyango, R. (2012). A freight forwarder’s responsibility for damages. (Legal article). Retrieved from: http://www.ehow.com/info_8786133_freight-forwarders-responsibility-damages.html##Kozolchyk, B. (1992). Evolution and present state of the ocean bill of lading from a banking law perspective. USA: Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce; Vol. 23, No. 2.##Landauer and Co. v. Smits and Co. (1921).(6). LI. L. Rep. 577 (KBD). Retrieved from: http://forwarderlaw.com/library/view.php?article_id=1046##MetaalhandelJA Magnus BV v Ardfields Transport Ltd (1988). (1). Lloyd’s Rep 197. Retrieved from: http://naralaw.com.ne.kr/metaalhandelvardfields.doc##Micklitz, H. W. (2005). The politics of judicial co-operation in the EU: Sunday trading, equal treatment and good faith. New York: Cambridge university press.##Morris v. C. W. Martin & Sons Ltd (1966). L. Q.B. Retrieved from: http://swarb.co.uk/morris-v-c-w-martin-sons-ltd-ca-1965/##Prima U.S. Inc. v. M/V Addiriyah (1999).(2). Lloyd’s Rep. Retrieved from: http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/circt/2ndprimus.htmlRamberg, J. (2007). Freight forwarder law. Vienna: Congress to celebrate the fortieth annual session of UNCITRAL##Denniston, T. R. & Carter G. T. & Yudes, A. E. (1989-1990). Liabilities of multimodal operators and parties other than carriers and shippers. New Orleans: Tulane Law Review; 64 Tul. L. Rev. 517.##Skulina, T. R. (1968). Liability of a carrier for loss and damage to interstate shipments. Cleveland: Cleveland State Law Review; 17 Clev.-Marshall L. Rev. 251.##Schoner, D. (1979). The freight forwarder as an air carrier. Zurich: International Bar Association: Section on Business Law, Aeronautical Law Committee.##Kinsler, J. S. (1993-1994). Motor freight brokers: a tale of federal regulatory pandemonium. USA: Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business; 14 Nw. J. Int’l L. & Bus. 289.##S Mo, J. (1997). Forwarder’s bill and bill of lading. Hawaii: Asia Pacific Law Review; Vol. 5, No. 2.##Vastframe Camera Ltd v. Birkart Globistics Ltd (2007).(38). J Mar L & Com 97, Retrieved from: http://archive.onlinedmc.co.uk/va.htm##Wallace, M. J. (2013). Instruments of international commercial harmonization in England and Wales: Submitted in respect of the Degree Doctor of Philosophy. UEA: University of East Anglia Law School.##Zima Corp. v. M.V. Roman Pazinski (1980).(493). F. Supp. 268. Retrieved from: http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/493/268/1558273/##Zuidwijk, A. (2003). A multimodal transport perspective. Retrieved from: http://www.antonioz.com.ar/english/download/Multimodal-Transport-Perspective-2003.pdf##