تأملی فقهی و حقوقی در ضمانت اجراهای الزام متعهد و فسخ قرارداد در تعهدات مقید به مباشرت متعهد

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران، پژوهشگر پژوهشگاه قوه قضاییه.

2 استاد تمام، گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

3 استادیار، گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

چکیده

بی‌توجهی به طراحی و به‌کارگیری ضمانت اجرای مناسب در قراردادها می‌تواند فرآیند اجرای تعهدات را با چالش‌های جدی مواجه سازد و اهداف قرارداد را ناکام گذارد. در این میان، «جریمه اجبار» به‌عنوان یکی از ابزارهای الزام غیرمستقیم متعهد، علی‌رغم پیشینه و کارکرد آن در نظام‌های حقوقی مختلف، در ادبیات حقوقی ایران کمتر مورد واکاوی قرار گرفته و در مرحله اجرا نیز جایگاهی نهادینه نیافته است. این نهاد که برخی آن را حتی مقدم بر فسخ قرارداد و مؤید اصل لزوم قراردادها می‌دانند، در فقه امامیه نیز با اتکا به قواعدی نظیر قاعده تعزیر، قاعده لا ضرر و اصل لزوم، قابل تبیین و اعمال است. پژوهش حاضر با روشی توصیفی-‌تحلیلی و بر پایه منابع کتابخانه‌ای، به مطالعه تطبیقی مفهوم و مبانی جریمه اجبار در فقه امامیه و نظام‌های حقوقی منتخب می‌پردازد و با نقد تلقی رایج از تقدم فسخ بر الزام، بر آن است تا نسبت میان جریمه اجبار و فسخ قرارداد را به‌مثابه دو ضمانت اجرای هم‌عرض و مستقل تحلیل نماید. یافته‌های تحقیق بیانگر آن است که می‌توان با اتکا بر مبانی فقهی و اصول کلی حقوقی، جریمه اجبار را نه در رتبه‌ای فروتر از فسخ، بلکه به‌عنوان نهادی مستقل و مکمل برای تضمین اجرای تعهدات قراردادی بازشناخت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

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