Study the basics of Civil Liability for Environmental Damages with a View on the No-Harm Rule

Document Type : Scientific Research

Authors

1 PhD student in Private Law, Islamic Azad University, Kish International Branch, Kish Island, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

This descriptive analysis study examines the basis of civil liability for environmental damage in Iranian and European Union law, and assesses opinions and international court proceedings in intergovernmental litigation based on the principle of harmless use of land. One of the main achievements of the new legislation at the global level is that it has changed the basis of civil liability in this area, which in principle was subject to strict liability. Iranian law utilizes the principle of Article 50 of the Constitution and recognizes strict liability for environmental damage as an appropriate principle. Based on the guidelines approved by the European Union, it can be said that conventional civil liability law is inefficient in this direction. Only private rights and property are checked and protected, public rights are ignored. Research findings from the Advisory Opinions and international judicial precedents show that until 1997, the International Court of Justice maintained the traditional policy of prioritizing the absolute sovereignty of States in its Advisory Opinions. Moreover, even when confronted with problems of international environmental law, they are reluctant to respond, and it can be said that they have lost their sovereignty and authority in international environmental lawsuits.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

انتظاری نجف­آبادی، علیرضا. (1394). مسئولیت مدنی ناشی از خسارات زیست محیطی (مطالعه تطبیقی در حقوق ایران و اتحادیه اروپا). تهران:  انتشارات مخاطب. ص 219.
ایزدی‌خواه، نصرالله و گرجی­فرد، حمیدرضا. (1394). «نقش ضمانت اجراهای حقوقی و کیفری در حمایت از محیط زیست با تأکید بر قانون حفاظت از جنگل‌ها و مراتع».  فصلنامه قضاوت، 15(82)، صص 97-126.
بهرامی­احمدی، حمید. (1390). «تحول جهانی مبنای مسئولیت مدنی به­سوی مبنای نفی ضرر».  فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق خصوصی، 42(2)، صص 59-73.
 Doi: 20.1001.1.25885618.1390.41.2.4.4
پورهاشمی، سیدعباس و ارغند، بهاره. (1392). کلیات حقوق بین­الملل محیط­­زیست، تهران: دادگستر. صص 1-95.
جعفری لنگرودی، محمدجعفر. (1401).  ترمینولوژی حقوق. تهران: گنج دانش. ص 645.
حکمت­نیا، محمود. (1386). مسئولیت مدنی در فقه امامیه (مبانی و ساختار). قم: پژوهشگاه علوم و فرهنگ اسلامی. ص 62.
حکمت­نیا، محمود. (1386). مسئولیت مدنی در فقه امامیه(مبانی و ساختار)، قم: پژوهشگاه علوم و فرهنگ اسلامی. ص 62.
دبیری، فرهاد و دیگران. (1388). «حق استفاده صلح­آمیز از انرژی هسته­ای از منظر حقوق محیط­زیست». فصلنامه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط­زیست، 4(-)، ص 214.
رضایی مفرد، محمد. (1398). «بررسی تطبیقی مسئولیت مدنی محیط زیست در حقوق ایران و اتحادیه اروپا». کنفرانس ملی محیط زیست سالم و توسعه پایدار در پرتو حقوق شهروندی، شیراز، صص 1-19.
رمضانی قوام آبادی، محمدحسین. (1386). «نگاهی به اصل استفاده غیر زیان­­بار (پایدار) از سرزمین در حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست». فصلنامه علوم محیطی، 4(4)، صص 57-74.
رمضانی قوام آبادی، محمدحسین. (1392). «حفاظت از محیط زیست در حقوق اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران». دیدگاه های حقوق قضایی، - (63)، صص 93-140.
 SID. https://sid.ir/paper/217882/fa
رمضانی قوام­آبادی، محمدحسین و جوادمنش، جواد. (1395). «مطالعه تطبیقی گستره مفهوم ذی­نفع در اقامه دعاوی زیست محیطی در حقوق ایران و اتحادیه اروپا». مجله مطالعات حقوق عمومی، 46(4)، صص 987-998.
زارعی، سحر و پورهاشمی، سیدعباس. (1396). «توسعه حقوق بین­الملل محیط زیست در پرتو آرا و رویـه­های قضایی بین­المللی». علم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست، 19(3)، صص 195-216.
 Doi: 10.22034/JEST.2017.11078
شاه حسینی، عطیه و مشهدی، علی. (1396). «جبران خسارات زیست محیطی بر اساس طرح 2006 کمیسیون حقوق بین­الملل مبنی بر اصول تخصیص زیان در موارد آسیب فرامرزی ناشی از فعالیت­های خطرناک». پژوهش حقوق عمومی (پژوهش حقوق) (حقوق و سیاست)، 19 (55)، صص 141-165.
 SID. https://sid.ir/paper/225288/fa
عسگرزاده، علی­رضا. (1397). کتاب بیمه­های مسئولیت و طرح­های خاص. تهران: پژوهشکده بیمه. ص 245.
فیروزآبادی، حسین هوشمند. (1398). «مسئولیت مدنی ناشی از خسارات زیست محیطی».  فصلنامه تخصصی دانش­نامه­های حقوقی، 2(3)، صص 411-437.
 doi: 10.22034/LAW.2019.239560
کاتوزیان، ناصر و انصاری، مهدی. (1387). «مسئولیت ناشی از خسارت زیست محیطی». مطالعات حقوق خصوصی (حقوق)، 38(2)، صص 285-313.
 doi:  20.1001.1.25885618.1387.38.2.14.3
لزگی، محسن؛ صابری، حسین و جلالی، سیدمحسن. (1400). «بررسی مسئولیت اخلاقی و تکالیف دولت در قبال مسئولیت­های خارج از اراده». مجله پژوهش­های اخلاقی، 11(14)، صص 197-222.
مترجمان: دومینیک، کارو و تقی­زاده انصاری، مصطفی. (1375). حقوق بین­الملل در عمل. تهران: دادگر. ص 259.
محمدزاده رهنی، محمدرضا. (1389). «بررسی مبانی فقهی حفاظت از محیط زیست».  فقه و تاریخ تمدن، 7(25)،
صص 177-195.
 SID. https://sid.ir/paper/193920/fa
مسی­گمچی، نفیسه. (1389). «مدل­سازی و ارزیابی قابلیت اطمینان حادثۀ اتمی چرنوبیل». هفتمین کنفرانس بین­المللی مهندسی صنایع، اصفهان، ص 8.
مقتدر، هوشنگ. (1373). حقوق بین­الملل عمومی. تهران: انتشارات وزارت خارجه. ص 31.
موسوی، سیدفضل­الله. (1385). سیر تحولات منابع حقوق بین­الملل محیط زیست. تهران: نشر میزان. صص 572- 573.
نجفلو، پریسا و یعقوبی، جعفر. (1398). «بررسی آگاهانه شهروندان شهرستان زنجان از چالش­های زیست­محیطی و راهکارهای نهادینه­سازی رفتارهای صحیح زیست­محیطی». فصلنامه انسان و محیط زیست، 17(1)، صص 103-117. Doi: 20.1001.1.15625532.1398.17.1.9.7
همتی، مجتبی. (1397). «اقامه دعوای جبران خسارت زیست محیطی در نظام حقوق ایران». دیدگاه های حقوق قضایی، -­(81)، صص 221-253.
 SID. https://sid.ir/paper/371931/fa
Asgarzadeh, Ali Reza. (2017). Book of liability insurances and special plans. Tehran: Insurance Research Institute, 245. (In Persian).
Bahrami Ahmadi, Hamid. (1390). "Global transformation of the basis of civil responsibility towards the basis of negation of harm". Journal of Private Law Studies, 42(2), pp. 59-73. Doi: 20.1001.1.25885618.1390.41.2.4.4. (In Persian).
Brans, Edward. (2005). Environmental Liability in the EU. publisher: Cameron may. Pp. 12-95.
Caldart, Charles C. (2018). Regional and International regims to protect helth, safety and environment. Routledge. 1st Edition. Pp. 457, 459.
Case Concerning Gabcikovo - Nagymaros Project (Hungary/ Slovokia). (25 Sep 1997). Summaries of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders of the International Court of Justice (ICJ).
Available at: www.icj-cij.org.
Chambre Civil international de paris. (2003). Pp. 13-14.
Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Resulting from Activities Dangerous to the environment (Lugano). (21 June 1993).
Corfu Channel Case (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland-All'bania). (9 Apr 1949). Summaries of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Available at: www.icj-cij.org.
Dabiri, Farhad and others. (2009). "The right to peaceful use of nuclear energy from the perspective of environmental rights". Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4(-), p. 214. (In Persian).
Directive of the european parliament and of the council on environmental liability with regard to the prevention
and remedying of environmental damage (2004). Official Journal of the European Union, No35 /CE, p. 13,14.
Enteziri Najafabadi, Alireza. (2014). Civil liability caused by environmental damage (a comparative study in Iranian and European Union law). Tehran: Mokhtab Publications. P. 219. (In Persian).
European commission (2000). White paper on Environmental liability. at: ec.europa.eu/environment /liability/ el_ full. pdf.
European Parliament and of council (2004). No. 214.
Firouzabadi, Hossein Houshmand. (2018). "Civil liability for environmental damage". Specialized Quarterly Journal of Legal Studies, 2(3), pp. 411-437, doi: 10.22034/LAW.2019.239560. (In Persian).
Hekmat Nia, Mahmoud. (2016). Civil responsibility in Imami jurisprudence (basics and structure). Qom: Research Institute of Islamic Sciences and Culture. P. 62. (In Persian).
Hekmat Nia, Mahmoud. (2016). Civil responsibility in Imami jurisprudence (basics and structure). Qom: Research Institute of Islamic Sciences and Culture. P. 62. (In Persian).
Hemti, Mojtabi. (2017). "Filing a claim for compensation for environmental damage in Iran's legal system". Judicial Law Perspectives, -(81), pp. 221-253. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/371931/fa. (In Persian).
Izadi khah, Nasrollah and Gorji Fard, Hamidreza. (2014). "The role of guarantee of legal and criminal executions in protecting the environment with an emphasis on the law of protection of forests and pastures". Judgment Quarterly, 15(82), pp. 126-97. (In Persian).
Jafari Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar. (2022). Legal Terminology. Tehran: Ganj Danesh. P. 645. (In Persian).
Katouzian, Nasser and Ansari, Mehdi. (2008). "Liability for environmental damage". Private Law Studies (Law), 38(2), pp. 285-313, doi: 20.1001.1.25885618.1387.38.2.14.3. (In Persian).
Kiss, A. Ch. et Beurier, J. P. (2004). Droit international de l’environnementI. Paris: Pedone. P. 503.
Kourilsky, Philippe & Viney Genevieve, (1999). Le Principe de précaution: rapport au Premier minister. p16, at: www.ladocumentationfrancaise. fr/rapportspublics/ 004000402/index.
Lake Lanoux case (Spain, France). (16 Nov 1957). United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awars, Volume XII, p168.
Larsson, Marie Louise. (2009). Legal of the Environment and Envionmental Damage. Estokholm Institute Law. Pp. 155, 158, 159.
Legality of the use by a state of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflicts. (1996). Advisory opinion. I. C. J. Reports. Available at: www.icj-cij.org.
Lezgi, Mohsen, Saberi, Hossein and Jalali, Seyyed Mohsen, (2021). "Examining the moral responsibility and duties of the government in relation to responsibilities beyond the will". Ethical Research Journal, 11(14), pp. 197-222. (In Persian).
Lotus Case (France v. Turkey). (7 Sep 1927). Permanent Court of International Justice(PCIJ). Series A no 10, ICGJ 248. Available at: www.icj-cij.org/pcij/.
MacChesney, B. (1959). "Lake Lanoux Case (France-Spain)". American Journal of International Law, 53(1), pp. 156–171;
https://doi.org/10.2307/2195225.
Masi Gamchi, Nafisa. (2010). "Modeling and evaluation of the reliability of the Chernobyl nuclear accident". 7th International Industrial Engineering Conference, Isfahan, p. 8. (In Persian).
Moghtader, Houshang. (1994). Public International Law. Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Publications. P. 31. (In Persian).
Mohammadzadeh Rahani, Mohammadreza. (2010). "Investigating the jurisprudential foundations of environmental protection". Jurisprudence and History of Civilization, 7(25), pp. 177-195. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/193920/fa. (In Persian).
Mousavi, Seyyed Fazlullah. (2006). Developments of international environmental law sources. Tehran: Mizan publication. Pp. 572-573. (In Persian).
Najaflo, Parisa and Yaqoubi, Jafar. (2018). "An informed survey of the citizens of Zanjan city on environmental challenges and solutions for institutionalizing correct environmental behaviors". Human and Environment Quarterly, 17(1), pp. 103-117. Doi: 20.1001.1.15625532.1398.17.1.9.7. (In Persian).
Nations Unies, Rec. (Nov 1956). Des sentences arbitrales, affaire du lac Lanoux. Vol 12. p. 308.
Nuclear Tests Case (Australia v. France). (20 Dec 1974). Summaries of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders of the International Court of Justice(ICJ). Available at: www.icj-cij.org.
Porfashmi, Seyyed Abbas and Arghand, Bahare. (2012). Generalities of International Environmental Law. Tehran: Dadgstar. Pp. 1-95. (In Persian).
Prieur, Michel. (2005). Droit de l’homme à l’environnement et développement durable. Université de Limoges. Unilim, p. 65.
Projet de loi relatif à la responsabilité environnementale. (2007). at: http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr
Ramazani Ghawamabadi and Javadmanesh, Javad. (2015). "A comparative study of the scope of the concept of beneficiary in filing environmental lawsuits in the laws of Iran and the European Union". Journal of Public Law Studies, 46(4), pp. 987-998. (In Persian).
Ramazani Ghawamabadi, Mohammad Hossein. (2012). "Environmental protection in the fundamental rights of the Islamic Republic of Iran". Judicial Law Perspectives, -(63), pp. 93-140. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/217882/fa. (In Persian).
Ramezani Ghawamabadi, Mohammad Hossein. (2007). "A look at the principle of non-harmful (sustainable) use of land in international environmental law". Environmental Science Quarterly, 4(4), pp. 57-74. (In Persian).
Rezaei Mofard, Mohammad. (2018). "Comparative study of environmental civil responsibility in the laws of Iran and the European Union". National Conference on Healthy Environment and Sustainable Development in the Light of Citizen Rights, Shiraz, p. 19. (In Persian).
Romppanen, Seita. (Jan 2010). Reflection on Environmental Responsibility with on emphasis on the Nord Stream pipeline in the Baltic Sea Area. -LL.M in ntural Raesources Law and International Environmental Law. P. 37, 947.
Salmon, J. (2001). Dictionnaire de droit international. Bruxelles: Bruylant. P. 1198.
Shah Hosseini, Atiyeh, and Mashhadi, Ali. (2016). "Compensation for environmental damages based on the 2006 plan of the International Law Commission based on the principles of allocation of losses in cases of transboundary damage caused by dangerous activities". Public Law Research (Law and Politics), 19 (55), pp. 141-165. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/225288/fa. (In Persian).
Shover, Neal & S. Routhe, Aaron. (2005). "Environmental Crime". Crime and Justice, 32(-), p. 349, https://doi.org/10.1086/655356
Statute of the River Uruguay, (United Nations, Treaty Series (UNTS), Vol. 1295, No.1-21425, p. 340.
Trail Smelter case, (USA/Canada). (1947-1939). RSA,lll,P1950 et s.
Translators: Dominik, Karo and Taghizadeh Ansari, Mustafa. (1996).
International law in practice. Tehran: Dadger. P. 259. (In Persian).
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. (June 1972). Stockholm Declaration, Sweden, pp. 16-5.
United Nations General Assembly. (October 28, 1982.). World Charter for Nature.
Zarei, Sahar and Porhashmi, Seyyed Abbas. (2016). "Development of international environmental law in the light of international judgments and judicial procedures". Environmental Science and Technology, 19(3), pp. 195-216, doi: 10.22034/JEST.2017.11078. (In Persian).
Zimmermann, Andreas & Tomuschat, Christian. (2012). The Statute of the International Court of Justice. [2nd edn], Oxford University Press, Oxford. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 63(4), pp. 1003-1004. Doi: 10.1017/S0020589314000487.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics